![]() ![]() ![]() Inner speech can be defined as the subjective experience of language in the absence of overt and audible articulation. Finally, we consider prospects for an integrated cognitive science of inner speech, combining developmental, cognitive, psycholinguistic, and neuropsychological evidence to provide a multicomponent model of the phenomenon. We then review what is known about inner speech in atypical populations before considering neuropsychological evidence relevant to theorizing about its functional significance. In the fourth section, we consider the phenomenology of inner speech in adulthood along with its cognitive functions. Next, we consider how inner speech emerges in childhood. We then consider methodological issues that attend the study of inner speech. First, we summarize the key theoretical positions that have been advanced relating to the development, cognitive functions, and phenomenology of inner speech. The aim of the present article is to review the existing empirical work on inner speech and provide a theoretical integration of well-established and more recent research findings. Nevertheless, a large body of empirical work has arisen relating to inner speech, albeit in rather disparate research areas, and it plays an increasingly prominent role in psychological theorizing ( Dolcos & AlbarracĂn, 2014 Fernyhough & McCarthy-Jones, 2013 Hurlburt, Heavey, & Kelsey, 2013 Oppenheim & Dell, 2010 Williams, Bowler, & Jarrold, 2012). Despite its apparent importance for human cognition, inner speech has received relatively little attention from psychologists and cognitive neuroscientists, partly due to methodological problems involved in its study. Also referred to as verbal thinking, inner speaking, covert self-talk, internal monologue, and internal dialogue, inner speech has been proposed to have an important role in the self-regulation of cognition and behavior in both childhood and adulthood, with implications for inner speech dysfunction in psychiatric conditions and developmental disorders involving atypical language skills or deficits in self-regulation ( Diaz & Berk, 1992 Fernyhough, 1996 Vygotsky, 1934/1987). When people reflect upon their own inner experience, they often report that it has a verbal quality ( Baars, 2003). Despite its variability among individuals and across the life span, inner speech appears to perform significant functions in human cognition, which in some cases reflect its developmental origins and its sharing of resources with other cognitive processes. We conclude by considering prospects for an integrated cognitive science of inner speech, and present a multicomponent model of the phenomenon informed by developmental, cognitive, and psycholinguistic considerations. This review examines prominent theoretical approaches to inner speech and methodological challenges in its study, before reviewing current evidence on inner speech in children and adults from both typical and atypical populations. Despite a growing body of knowledge on its phenomenology, development, and function, approaches to the scientific study of inner speech have remained diffuse and largely unintegrated. Inner speech-also known as covert speech or verbal thinking-has been implicated in theories of cognitive development, speech monitoring, executive function, and psychopathology.
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